On 9 January Karol Nawrocki, the right-wing conservative PiS candidate in the Polish presidential elections slated for May, stated that he did not envision Ukraine in either the EU or Nato until "important civilisational issues" for Poland were resolved. The remark refers to the Volhynia massacres of 1943 in which tens of thousands of Polish civilians were massacred by members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Until now the PiS had advocated speedy accession for Ukraine.